Cancer

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the UK. While overall survival rates have improved in recent years, stark disparities persist in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes among ethnic minority groups.

Black and South Asian communities are less likely to access early screening and are more frequently diagnosed at later stages, resulting in poorer survival outcomes^[1]. Black women have lower attendance rates for breast cancer screening and face a greater likelihood of late-stage diagnosis. South Asian women are less likely to participate in cervical screening programmes, increasing the risk of undetected, advanced disease. For Black men, prostate cancer is often diagnosed at more advanced stages, with evidence suggesting differences in treatment access and clinical pathways^[2]. South Asian men, particularly those from Bangladeshi backgrounds, have higher lung cancer rates compared to White men^[3].

These inequalities are further compounded by limitations in diagnostic and treatment tools. Most genomic tests currently used in the NHS are based on data from White European populations, reducing their accuracy and clinical utility for individuals from other ethnic backgrounds^[4].

The NHS Race and Health Observatory has prioritised tackling these disparities in cancer care. Since its inception, the Observatory has worked to identify gaps, influence policy, and support initiatives that promote equitable access to screening, early diagnosis, and effective treatments. Key efforts include culturally tailored outreach, inclusive health information, and improved representation in clinical research.

Reducing cancer inequalities is vital to ensuring that all patients—regardless of ethnicity—receive fair, timely, and effective care that supports better outcomes and quality of life.